Comprehensive Applied Economics Notes for ABM Students - 1st Semester

Understanding Economics Basics

Ever wondered why you can't buy everything you want with your allowance? That's economics in action! Economics studies how people manage scarce resources - basically, how we deal with having unlimited wants but limited money and materials.

The word economics comes from the Greek "Oekonomia," meaning "management of the household." Pretty fitting, right? Microeconomics focuses on individual decisions (like your family choosing between a new phone or vacation), while macroeconomics looks at the bigger picture of entire countries and economies.

Four key concepts drive everything: production (making stuff), distribution (sharing the profits), consumption (buying and using things), and scarcity (not having enough for everyone). Understanding these helps explain why your parents make budget decisions and why some products cost more than others.

Quick Tip: Think of economics as the science of everyday choices - it's literally studying how people decide what to do when they can't have everything they want!

Supply, Demand, and Market Forces

Here's where economics gets interesting for your daily life! Demand is basically how much people want something at a certain price. When your favorite K-pop album costs ₱2,000, fewer people buy it, but at ₱500, everyone wants one - that's the Law of Demand in action.

Supply works the opposite way through the Law of Supply - when prices go up, sellers want to make more profit, so they produce more. Think about how more food stalls pop up during school events when they can charge higher prices.

The magic happens at equilibrium, where supply and demand balance out perfectly. Several factors affect demand: your income (more money = more shopping), your preferences (suddenly everyone wants bubble tea), and prices of related goods (if coffee gets expensive, more people buy tea).

Different types of goods react differently to income changes. Normal goods (like branded clothes) sell more when people have extra cash, while inferior goods (like instant noodles) might sell less when people can afford restaurant meals.

Real Talk: Watch how prices change during holidays or disasters - it's supply and demand playing out in real time!

Market Structures That Shape Your World

Not all markets work the same way, and understanding this explains why some products have tons of options while others don't. Perfect competition exists when lots of companies sell similar products (think sari-sari stores) - prices stay low because of all the competition.

Monopoly happens when only one company controls a market. Ever notice how there's usually just one electric company in your area? That's a monopoly, and it often means higher prices since customers have no alternatives.

Oligopoly describes markets with just a few big players, like telecommunications companies. These firms often end up with similar prices because they watch each other closely. Monopolistic competition gives you variety - think about how many different brands of shampoo exist, each trying to seem unique.

Understanding market structures helps explain pricing in your daily life. When you see similar prices across different brands, you're probably looking at an oligopoly. When prices vary wildly, there's likely more competition happening.

Eye Opener: Next time you're shopping, try to identify which market structure you're seeing - it'll help predict whether you're getting a good deal!

Economic Systems Around the World

Countries organize their economies in different ways, and this affects everything from job opportunities to product availability. Traditional economies rely on customs and traditions - some rural Filipino communities still use bartering systems during harvest seasons.

Command economies let the government make all economic decisions. North Korea operates this way, with the state controlling what gets produced and how much things cost. Most Filipinos would find this system pretty limiting since the government would decide your job and what you can buy.

Market economies give consumers all the power - businesses succeed or fail based on what people want to buy. The Philippines operates as a mixed economy, combining free market choices with some government regulation to protect consumers and ensure fair competition.

This mixed approach means you get to choose your career path and spending habits, while the government steps in for things like education, healthcare, and infrastructure that markets might not handle well on their own.

Connection: The Philippine mixed economy is why you can choose any college course while still having public schools and universal healthcare programs!

Philippine Agenda 21 and Sustainable Development

The Philippines has a roadmap for the future called Philippine Agenda 21 (PA21), our national blueprint for sustainable development. Think of it as a long-term plan to make sure economic growth doesn't destroy the environment or leave future generations worse off.

Sustainable development means meeting today's needs without compromising your future kids' ability to meet their needs. It balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity - basically making sure everyone benefits while keeping the planet healthy.

PA21 focuses on seven development dimensions: spiritual, human, social/cultural, political, economic, and ecological development, plus principles of sustainable development. This approach recognizes that real progress involves more than just making money.

The program emphasizes area-based interventions and integrated island development, which makes sense for an archipelago like the Philippines. It puts people and nature at the center, requiring cooperation between government, businesses, and civil society.

Future Focus: PA21 aims for poverty reduction, social equity, good governance, peace, and ecological integrity - basically building the Philippines you'll want to live and work in!

Starting and Analyzing Businesses

Thinking about starting your own business someday? Understanding different business structures helps you make smart choices. Sole proprietorships are the simplest - you own everything but also take all the risks. Partnerships let you share responsibilities and resources with others.

Corporations create separate legal entities, protecting your personal assets if the business fails. Cooperatives work great when groups of people with similar needs band together, like farmers forming buying cooperatives to get better prices on supplies.

Business size matters too, with different classifications based on total assets: micro (below ₱1.5M), small $₱1.5M-₱15M$, medium $₱15M-₱60M$, and large (over ₱60M). Each size faces different challenges and opportunities.

SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) helps evaluate business ideas by looking at internal factors (your resources and capabilities) and external factors (market trends and competition). This framework guides smart business decisions.

Pro Tip: Before starting any business, always do your homework on the industry, understand your customers, and know your competition - these basics can save you from costly mistakes!

Economic Sectors and Consumer Behavior

The Philippine economy operates through three main producing sectors that work together like a giant machine. Agriculture, fishery, and forestry provide raw materials - the rice you eat, fish you buy, and wood for furniture all come from this primary sector.

The industrial sector transforms these raw materials into useful products through manufacturing, construction, mining, and utilities. Your smartphone, house, and electricity all result from industrial sector activities.

The service sector produces intangible support - banking, transportation, trade, government services, and entertainment. When you use Grab, get a haircut, or go to school, you're consuming services.

Socioeconomic factors heavily influence consumer behavior and business success. Income capacity determines what people can afford - high earners buy luxury items while low earners focus on necessities. Smart entrepreneurs consider their target market's income levels before setting up shop.

Understanding these sectors helps explain economic interconnections. Problems in agriculture (like typhoons destroying crops) affect industrial processing and service delivery, showing how everything connects in the economic ecosystem.

Reality Check: Your future career will likely fit into one of these sectors - understanding how they interact helps you make better education and job choices!