Ever wondered why earthquakes happen or how scientists figure out... Ipakita pa
Science
Iba pa
Filipino
EconMag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
10,899
•
Na-update Mar 25, 2026
•
Comprehensive G10 Science 1st Quarter Plate Tectonics Guide
K
kish andres
@kishandres
1 / 10
Locating Earthquake Epicenters
Think of earthquakes as Earth's way of releasing built-up stress, kind of like when you crack your knuckles! An earthquake happens when stored energy suddenly releases through movement along a fault (basically a crack between rock blocks).
Here's what you need to know: the focus (or hypocenter) is where the earthquake actually starts underground, while the epicenter is the point directly above it on Earth's surface. Scientists use a seismograph to detect and record these movements, creating zigzag patterns called seismograms.
Primary waves arrive first, followed by secondary waves . The triangulation method is like detective work - scientists use data from three different seismic stations, measure the time difference between P and S waves, then draw circles to find where they intersect. That intersection point? That's your epicenter!
Quick Tip: Remember that P-waves are "primary" because they're first, and S-waves are "secondary" because they arrive second!
Understanding Earth's Structure and Lithospheric Plates
Your planet is basically a layered cake! The crust is the cool, rocky outer layer we live on, the mantle is the hot middle layer made of molten rock, and the core is the super-hot center. The lithosphere combines the crust and upper mantle, while the asthenosphere sits below and helps plates move.
There are two types of crust: continental crust (thicker but lighter, like the land you walk on) and oceanic crust (thinner but denser, under the oceans). The plate tectonic theory explains that Earth's crust is broken into huge moving pieces called plates.
Here's the cool part - earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains aren't randomly scattered around Earth! They cluster along plate boundaries where these massive pieces meet. Most volcanoes and earthquakes happen around the Pacific Ring of Fire, and here in the Philippines, we need to watch the West Valley Fault where the predicted "Big One" earthquake might hit.
Remember: Mountains form when plates crash into each other, while volcanoes often form through subduction when denser oceanic plates dive under lighter continental plates.
Types of Plate Boundaries: Convergent Boundaries
When plates crash into each other, you get convergent boundaries - think of them as Earth's collision zones! These create some of our planet's most dramatic features through compression and subduction (when one plate slides under another).
Oceanic-to-continental convergence happens when a dense oceanic plate dives under a lighter continental plate, creating volcanic arcs and deep trenches. Examples include the Andes Mountains where the Nazca Plate meets the South American Plate. The diving oceanic plate melts as it goes deeper, creating magma that rises to form volcanoes.
Oceanic-to-oceanic convergence occurs when two oceanic plates meet, and the older, denser one subducts. This creates volcanic island arcs (like many parts of the Philippines!) and can trigger tsunamis if the seafloor suddenly moves upward. Continental-to-continental convergence is like a head-on collision - neither plate subducts, so they buckle upward forming massive mountain ranges like the Himalayas.
Philippine Connection: Many parts of our archipelago formed from oceanic-oceanic convergence, which explains why we have so many volcanoes and experience frequent earthquakes!
Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries
Divergent boundaries are where plates move apart - think of them as Earth's "stretching zones." As plates separate, new crust forms from rising magma, creating features like mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. It's like Earth is constantly making new seafloor!
Continental rifting happens when continents start splitting apart, forming rift valleys like the East African Rift. Eventually, continued spreading can create new oceans! Mid-ocean ridges are actually Earth's longest mountain chains, stretching about 65,000 km mostly underwater.
Transform boundaries are where plates slide sideways past each other, like cars changing lanes. The famous San Andreas Fault in California is a perfect example of a strike-slip fault. These boundaries don't create or destroy crust - they're "conservative" - but they can generate powerful earthquakes when plates get stuck and then suddenly slip.
Real Talk: At divergent boundaries, new crust is born. At convergent boundaries, old crust gets recycled. At transform boundaries, plates just slide past each other like they're minding their own business!
Earth's Interior Structure
Scientists use seismic waves from earthquakes like X-rays to see inside Earth! Body waves travel through Earth's interior while surface waves only travel on top. When these waves hit different materials, they reflect, refract, or get absorbed - telling us what's inside our planet.
The crust is our thin, rocky outer shell made mostly of oxygen and silicon. Continental crust (like granite) is thicker but less dense than oceanic crust (like basalt). Below that, the mantle is a semi-solid, jello-like layer that's mostly silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium.
Earth's core has two parts: the liquid outer core of iron and nickel that creates our magnetic field, and the solid inner core that stays solid despite extreme heat because of crushing pressure. The movement of the outer core around the inner core generates Earth's magnetic field - basically turning our planet into a giant electromagnet!
Cool Fact: The Mohorovičič discontinuity (or "Moho") is the boundary between crust and mantle, discovered when scientists noticed seismic waves suddenly speed up at about 50 km depth!
Continental Drift Theory
Back in 1915, German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed a wild idea: all continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea about 200 million years ago. People thought he was crazy, but he had some pretty convincing evidence!
Fossil correlation was Wegener's strongest proof. Identical fossils like Mesosaurus (a small freshwater reptile), Cynognathus , Lystrosaurus (the "shovel lizard"), and Glossopteris were found on continents separated by vast oceans. How could the same species exist on different continents unless they were once connected?
He also showed how continents fit together like puzzle pieces, especially South America and Africa. Rock correlation revealed matching mountain ranges and rock types across oceans, while paleoclimate data showed evidence of ancient ice sheets in now-warm places and tropical plant remains (coal) in now-cold regions.
Why was Wegener rejected? His evidence was solid, but he couldn't explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents. That mystery wasn't solved until the 1960s!
Seafloor Spreading Theory
In 1962, Harry Hess and Robert Dietz solved Wegener's puzzle with the seafloor spreading theory. They discovered that new ocean floor constantly forms at mid-ocean ridges - Earth's longest mountain chains hidden underwater.
Here's how it works: convection currents in the mantle act like a giant conveyor belt. Hot magma rises at mid-ocean ridges, cools when it hits seawater, and hardens into new seafloor. As more magma rises, it pushes the older seafloor away from the ridge, spreading the ocean floor outward.
SONAR technology helped map these underwater mountain ranges and revealed amazing evidence: seafloor rocks get older the farther you move from the ridges, sediment layers get thicker away from ridges, and magnetic patterns on both sides of ridges mirror each other perfectly. The rate of spreading varies - sometimes new seafloor forms faster than old seafloor gets destroyed at subduction zones, making oceans wider!
Mind-Blowing Fact: The Atlantic Ocean is still growing wider by about 2-5 centimeters per year - roughly the same rate your fingernails grow!
Plate Tectonics Theory: Putting It All Together
The plate tectonics theory combines continental drift and seafloor spreading into one unified explanation. Earth's lithosphere is broken into major plates that float on the asthenosphere like puzzle pieces on a slow-moving conveyor belt.
Seven major plates make up 94% of Earth's surface: North American, South American, Pacific, Eurasian, Australian-Indian, Antarctic, and African plates. Several intermediate-sized plates like the Philippine, Caribbean, and Nazca plates fill in the gaps.
Multiple lines of evidence support this theory: ocean drilling by the Glomar Challenger showed that seafloor rocks get progressively older away from ridges, paleomagnetism revealed magnetic stripe patterns, and the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes perfectly matches plate boundaries. Paleontological evidence from fossils and glaciation evidence from ancient ice sheets all confirm that continents have indeed moved over geological time.
The Big Picture: Plate tectonics explains almost everything - why we have earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and even why similar fossils appear on different continents. It's the unifying theory that ties Earth science together!
Akala namin hindi mo na itatanong...
Ano ang Knowunity AI companion?
Ang aming AI Companion ay isang AI tool na nakatuon sa mga estudyante na nag-aalok ng higit pa sa mga sagot lang. Binuo mula sa milyong Knowunity resources, nagbibigay ito ng may-kaugnayang impormasyon, personalized na study plans, quizzes, at content direkta sa chat, na umaangkop sa iyong sariling learning journey.
Saan ko mada-download ang Knowunity app?
Maaari mong i-download ang app mula sa Google Play Store at Apple App Store.
Talaga bang libre ang Knowunity?
Tama 'yan! Mag-enjoy sa libreng access sa mga study content, makipag-connect sa kapwa mga estudyante, at kumuha ng instant na tulong – lahat nasa iyong daliri lang.
Pinaka-sikat na nilalaman sa Science
Pinaka-sikat na nilalaman
Hindi mo mahanap ang hinahanap mo? Tuklasin ang iba pang mga asignatura.
Gustong-gusto kami ng mga estudyante — at magiging ganoon ka rin.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
Napakadaling gamitin at maganda ang disenyo ng app. Nahanap ko lahat ng hinahanap ko hanggang ngayon at natuto ako ng marami mula sa mga presentasyon! Tiyak na gagamitin ko ang app para sa isang takdang-aralin sa klase! At siyempre, nakakatulong din ito bilang inspirasyon.
Stefan S
gumagamit ng iOS
Sobrang ganda talaga ng app na ito. Maraming mga study notes at tulong [...]. Ang problemang subject ko ay Pranses, halimbawa, at ang app ay may maraming options para tumulong. Salamat sa app na ito, bumuti ang Pranses ko. Irerekumenda ko ito sa lahat.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, talagang namangha ako. Sinubukan ko lang ang app dahil nakita ko itong ina-advertise nang maraming beses at sobrang nagulat ako. Ang app na ito ang TULONG na gusto mo para sa paaralan at higit sa lahat, nag-aalok ito ng maraming bagay, tulad ng workouts at fact sheets, na SOBRANG nakatulong sa akin.
Anna
iOS user
Pinakamagandang app sa mundo! walang masabi dahil sobrang ganda nito
Thomas R
iOS user
Napakaganda talaga. Nakakapag-review ako ng 10x mas mabuti, itong app ay mabilis na 10/10. Lubos kong inirerekomenda ito sa lahat. Pwede akong manood at maghanap ng notes. Pwede kong i-save ang mga ito sa subject folder. Pwede kong i-review anumang oras kapag bumalik ako. Kung hindi mo pa nasubukan ang app na ito, marami kang nawawala.
Basil
Android user
Ang app na ito ay nagpapalakas ng loob ko sa paghahanda sa exams, hindi lang dahil sa pagpapataas ng aking kumpiyansa sa sarili sa pamamagitan ng mga feature na nagpapahintulot sa iyo na makipag-connect sa iba at mabawasan ang pakiramdam na nag-iisa, kundi pati na rin sa paraan na nakatuon ang app sa pagpapagaan ng iyong pakiramdam. Madali itong i-navigate, masaya gamitin, at nakakatulong sa sinumang nahihirapan sa kahit anong paraan.
David K
iOS user
Sobrang galing ng app! Ilalagay ko lang ang paksa sa search bar at makakakuha na ako ng sagot kaagad. Hindi ko kailangang manood ng 10 YouTube videos para maintindihan ang isang bagay, kaya nakakatipid ako ng oras. Lubos na inirerekomenda!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
Sa paaralan, napakahina ko sa math pero salamat sa app, mas mahusay na ako ngayon. Lubos akong nagpapasalamat na ginawa niyo ang app na ito.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
napakareliable na app para tumulong at palawakin ang iyong mga ideya sa Math, English at iba pang mga related na paksa sa iyong mga gawain. gamitin mo ang app na ito kung nahihirapan ka sa mga area, susi ito para diyan. sana nag-review na ako dati. at libre rin ito kaya huwag mag-alala tungkol diyan.
Rohan U
Android user
Alam kong maraming apps gumagamit ng fake accounts para mapataas ang kanilang reviews pero ang app na ito ay deserve lahat ng papuri. Dati nakakakuha ako ng 4 sa aking English exams at ngayon nakakuha ako ng grade 7. Hindi ko pa alam ang app na ito tatlong araw bago ang exam at nakatulong ito ng SOBRA. Pakisuyong maniwala sa akin at gamitin ito dahil sigurado akong makikita mo rin ang mga pagbabago.
Xander S
iOS user
ANG MGA quiz AT flashcard SOBRANG HELPFUL AT I LOVE TALAGA SI Knowunity AI. PARANG CHATGPT LANG PERO MAS MATALINO!! NAKATULONG DIN SA MGA MASCARA PROBLEMS KO!! PATI NA RIN SA MGA TUNAY KONG subject! SYEMPRE 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
Grabe talaga ang app na to. Sobrang nakakaboring sakin ang pagreview pero ginagawa ng app na to na sobrang dali mag-organize ng lahat at pwede mong tanungin ang libreng ai para subukin ang sarili mo kaya sobrang buti at madali mong ma-upload ang sarili mong mga bagay. highly recommend bilang isang taong nagte-take ng mocks ngayon
Paul T
iOS user
Napakadaling gamitin at maganda ang disenyo ng app. Nahanap ko lahat ng hinahanap ko hanggang ngayon at natuto ako ng marami mula sa mga presentasyon! Tiyak na gagamitin ko ang app para sa isang takdang-aralin sa klase! At siyempre, nakakatulong din ito bilang inspirasyon.
Stefan S
gumagamit ng iOS
Sobrang ganda talaga ng app na ito. Maraming mga study notes at tulong [...]. Ang problemang subject ko ay Pranses, halimbawa, at ang app ay may maraming options para tumulong. Salamat sa app na ito, bumuti ang Pranses ko. Irerekumenda ko ito sa lahat.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, talagang namangha ako. Sinubukan ko lang ang app dahil nakita ko itong ina-advertise nang maraming beses at sobrang nagulat ako. Ang app na ito ang TULONG na gusto mo para sa paaralan at higit sa lahat, nag-aalok ito ng maraming bagay, tulad ng workouts at fact sheets, na SOBRANG nakatulong sa akin.
Anna
iOS user
Pinakamagandang app sa mundo! walang masabi dahil sobrang ganda nito
Thomas R
iOS user
Napakaganda talaga. Nakakapag-review ako ng 10x mas mabuti, itong app ay mabilis na 10/10. Lubos kong inirerekomenda ito sa lahat. Pwede akong manood at maghanap ng notes. Pwede kong i-save ang mga ito sa subject folder. Pwede kong i-review anumang oras kapag bumalik ako. Kung hindi mo pa nasubukan ang app na ito, marami kang nawawala.
Basil
Android user
Ang app na ito ay nagpapalakas ng loob ko sa paghahanda sa exams, hindi lang dahil sa pagpapataas ng aking kumpiyansa sa sarili sa pamamagitan ng mga feature na nagpapahintulot sa iyo na makipag-connect sa iba at mabawasan ang pakiramdam na nag-iisa, kundi pati na rin sa paraan na nakatuon ang app sa pagpapagaan ng iyong pakiramdam. Madali itong i-navigate, masaya gamitin, at nakakatulong sa sinumang nahihirapan sa kahit anong paraan.
David K
iOS user
Sobrang galing ng app! Ilalagay ko lang ang paksa sa search bar at makakakuha na ako ng sagot kaagad. Hindi ko kailangang manood ng 10 YouTube videos para maintindihan ang isang bagay, kaya nakakatipid ako ng oras. Lubos na inirerekomenda!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
Sa paaralan, napakahina ko sa math pero salamat sa app, mas mahusay na ako ngayon. Lubos akong nagpapasalamat na ginawa niyo ang app na ito.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
napakareliable na app para tumulong at palawakin ang iyong mga ideya sa Math, English at iba pang mga related na paksa sa iyong mga gawain. gamitin mo ang app na ito kung nahihirapan ka sa mga area, susi ito para diyan. sana nag-review na ako dati. at libre rin ito kaya huwag mag-alala tungkol diyan.
Rohan U
Android user
Alam kong maraming apps gumagamit ng fake accounts para mapataas ang kanilang reviews pero ang app na ito ay deserve lahat ng papuri. Dati nakakakuha ako ng 4 sa aking English exams at ngayon nakakuha ako ng grade 7. Hindi ko pa alam ang app na ito tatlong araw bago ang exam at nakatulong ito ng SOBRA. Pakisuyong maniwala sa akin at gamitin ito dahil sigurado akong makikita mo rin ang mga pagbabago.
Xander S
iOS user
ANG MGA quiz AT flashcard SOBRANG HELPFUL AT I LOVE TALAGA SI Knowunity AI. PARANG CHATGPT LANG PERO MAS MATALINO!! NAKATULONG DIN SA MGA MASCARA PROBLEMS KO!! PATI NA RIN SA MGA TUNAY KONG subject! SYEMPRE 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
Grabe talaga ang app na to. Sobrang nakakaboring sakin ang pagreview pero ginagawa ng app na to na sobrang dali mag-organize ng lahat at pwede mong tanungin ang libreng ai para subukin ang sarili mo kaya sobrang buti at madali mong ma-upload ang sarili mong mga bagay. highly recommend bilang isang taong nagte-take ng mocks ngayon
Paul T
iOS user
Comprehensive G10 Science 1st Quarter Plate Tectonics Guide
K
kish andres
@kishandres
Ever wondered why earthquakes happen or how scientists figure out where they start? Earth science is all about understanding our planet's incredible forces - from locating earthquake epicenters to discovering how continents move around like puzzle pieces over millions of... Ipakita pa
Locating Earthquake Epicenters
Think of earthquakes as Earth's way of releasing built-up stress, kind of like when you crack your knuckles! An earthquake happens when stored energy suddenly releases through movement along a fault (basically a crack between rock blocks).
Here's what you need to know: the focus (or hypocenter) is where the earthquake actually starts underground, while the epicenter is the point directly above it on Earth's surface. Scientists use a seismograph to detect and record these movements, creating zigzag patterns called seismograms.
Primary waves arrive first, followed by secondary waves . The triangulation method is like detective work - scientists use data from three different seismic stations, measure the time difference between P and S waves, then draw circles to find where they intersect. That intersection point? That's your epicenter!
Quick Tip: Remember that P-waves are "primary" because they're first, and S-waves are "secondary" because they arrive second!
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Understanding Earth's Structure and Lithospheric Plates
Your planet is basically a layered cake! The crust is the cool, rocky outer layer we live on, the mantle is the hot middle layer made of molten rock, and the core is the super-hot center. The lithosphere combines the crust and upper mantle, while the asthenosphere sits below and helps plates move.
There are two types of crust: continental crust (thicker but lighter, like the land you walk on) and oceanic crust (thinner but denser, under the oceans). The plate tectonic theory explains that Earth's crust is broken into huge moving pieces called plates.
Here's the cool part - earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains aren't randomly scattered around Earth! They cluster along plate boundaries where these massive pieces meet. Most volcanoes and earthquakes happen around the Pacific Ring of Fire, and here in the Philippines, we need to watch the West Valley Fault where the predicted "Big One" earthquake might hit.
Remember: Mountains form when plates crash into each other, while volcanoes often form through subduction when denser oceanic plates dive under lighter continental plates.
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Types of Plate Boundaries: Convergent Boundaries
When plates crash into each other, you get convergent boundaries - think of them as Earth's collision zones! These create some of our planet's most dramatic features through compression and subduction (when one plate slides under another).
Oceanic-to-continental convergence happens when a dense oceanic plate dives under a lighter continental plate, creating volcanic arcs and deep trenches. Examples include the Andes Mountains where the Nazca Plate meets the South American Plate. The diving oceanic plate melts as it goes deeper, creating magma that rises to form volcanoes.
Oceanic-to-oceanic convergence occurs when two oceanic plates meet, and the older, denser one subducts. This creates volcanic island arcs (like many parts of the Philippines!) and can trigger tsunamis if the seafloor suddenly moves upward. Continental-to-continental convergence is like a head-on collision - neither plate subducts, so they buckle upward forming massive mountain ranges like the Himalayas.
Philippine Connection: Many parts of our archipelago formed from oceanic-oceanic convergence, which explains why we have so many volcanoes and experience frequent earthquakes!
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries
Divergent boundaries are where plates move apart - think of them as Earth's "stretching zones." As plates separate, new crust forms from rising magma, creating features like mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. It's like Earth is constantly making new seafloor!
Continental rifting happens when continents start splitting apart, forming rift valleys like the East African Rift. Eventually, continued spreading can create new oceans! Mid-ocean ridges are actually Earth's longest mountain chains, stretching about 65,000 km mostly underwater.
Transform boundaries are where plates slide sideways past each other, like cars changing lanes. The famous San Andreas Fault in California is a perfect example of a strike-slip fault. These boundaries don't create or destroy crust - they're "conservative" - but they can generate powerful earthquakes when plates get stuck and then suddenly slip.
Real Talk: At divergent boundaries, new crust is born. At convergent boundaries, old crust gets recycled. At transform boundaries, plates just slide past each other like they're minding their own business!
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Earth's Interior Structure
Scientists use seismic waves from earthquakes like X-rays to see inside Earth! Body waves travel through Earth's interior while surface waves only travel on top. When these waves hit different materials, they reflect, refract, or get absorbed - telling us what's inside our planet.
The crust is our thin, rocky outer shell made mostly of oxygen and silicon. Continental crust (like granite) is thicker but less dense than oceanic crust (like basalt). Below that, the mantle is a semi-solid, jello-like layer that's mostly silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium.
Earth's core has two parts: the liquid outer core of iron and nickel that creates our magnetic field, and the solid inner core that stays solid despite extreme heat because of crushing pressure. The movement of the outer core around the inner core generates Earth's magnetic field - basically turning our planet into a giant electromagnet!
Cool Fact: The Mohorovičič discontinuity (or "Moho") is the boundary between crust and mantle, discovered when scientists noticed seismic waves suddenly speed up at about 50 km depth!
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Continental Drift Theory
Back in 1915, German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed a wild idea: all continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea about 200 million years ago. People thought he was crazy, but he had some pretty convincing evidence!
Fossil correlation was Wegener's strongest proof. Identical fossils like Mesosaurus (a small freshwater reptile), Cynognathus , Lystrosaurus (the "shovel lizard"), and Glossopteris were found on continents separated by vast oceans. How could the same species exist on different continents unless they were once connected?
He also showed how continents fit together like puzzle pieces, especially South America and Africa. Rock correlation revealed matching mountain ranges and rock types across oceans, while paleoclimate data showed evidence of ancient ice sheets in now-warm places and tropical plant remains (coal) in now-cold regions.
Why was Wegener rejected? His evidence was solid, but he couldn't explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents. That mystery wasn't solved until the 1960s!
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Seafloor Spreading Theory
In 1962, Harry Hess and Robert Dietz solved Wegener's puzzle with the seafloor spreading theory. They discovered that new ocean floor constantly forms at mid-ocean ridges - Earth's longest mountain chains hidden underwater.
Here's how it works: convection currents in the mantle act like a giant conveyor belt. Hot magma rises at mid-ocean ridges, cools when it hits seawater, and hardens into new seafloor. As more magma rises, it pushes the older seafloor away from the ridge, spreading the ocean floor outward.
SONAR technology helped map these underwater mountain ranges and revealed amazing evidence: seafloor rocks get older the farther you move from the ridges, sediment layers get thicker away from ridges, and magnetic patterns on both sides of ridges mirror each other perfectly. The rate of spreading varies - sometimes new seafloor forms faster than old seafloor gets destroyed at subduction zones, making oceans wider!
Mind-Blowing Fact: The Atlantic Ocean is still growing wider by about 2-5 centimeters per year - roughly the same rate your fingernails grow!
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Plate Tectonics Theory: Putting It All Together
The plate tectonics theory combines continental drift and seafloor spreading into one unified explanation. Earth's lithosphere is broken into major plates that float on the asthenosphere like puzzle pieces on a slow-moving conveyor belt.
Seven major plates make up 94% of Earth's surface: North American, South American, Pacific, Eurasian, Australian-Indian, Antarctic, and African plates. Several intermediate-sized plates like the Philippine, Caribbean, and Nazca plates fill in the gaps.
Multiple lines of evidence support this theory: ocean drilling by the Glomar Challenger showed that seafloor rocks get progressively older away from ridges, paleomagnetism revealed magnetic stripe patterns, and the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes perfectly matches plate boundaries. Paleontological evidence from fossils and glaciation evidence from ancient ice sheets all confirm that continents have indeed moved over geological time.
The Big Picture: Plate tectonics explains almost everything - why we have earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and even why similar fossils appear on different continents. It's the unifying theory that ties Earth science together!
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Mag-sign up para makita ang contentLibre ito!
Access sa lahat ng dokumento
Pagbutihin ang iyong mga grado
Sumali sa milyong mga estudyante
Akala namin hindi mo na itatanong...
Ano ang Knowunity AI companion?
Ang aming AI Companion ay isang AI tool na nakatuon sa mga estudyante na nag-aalok ng higit pa sa mga sagot lang. Binuo mula sa milyong Knowunity resources, nagbibigay ito ng may-kaugnayang impormasyon, personalized na study plans, quizzes, at content direkta sa chat, na umaangkop sa iyong sariling learning journey.
Saan ko mada-download ang Knowunity app?
Maaari mong i-download ang app mula sa Google Play Store at Apple App Store.
Talaga bang libre ang Knowunity?
Tama 'yan! Mag-enjoy sa libreng access sa mga study content, makipag-connect sa kapwa mga estudyante, at kumuha ng instant na tulong – lahat nasa iyong daliri lang.
423
Smart Tools NEW
I-transform ang note na ito sa: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Praktis Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Pinaka-sikat na nilalaman sa Science
Pinaka-sikat na nilalaman
Hindi mo mahanap ang hinahanap mo? Tuklasin ang iba pang mga asignatura.
Gustong-gusto kami ng mga estudyante — at magiging ganoon ka rin.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
Napakadaling gamitin at maganda ang disenyo ng app. Nahanap ko lahat ng hinahanap ko hanggang ngayon at natuto ako ng marami mula sa mga presentasyon! Tiyak na gagamitin ko ang app para sa isang takdang-aralin sa klase! At siyempre, nakakatulong din ito bilang inspirasyon.
Stefan S
gumagamit ng iOS
Sobrang ganda talaga ng app na ito. Maraming mga study notes at tulong [...]. Ang problemang subject ko ay Pranses, halimbawa, at ang app ay may maraming options para tumulong. Salamat sa app na ito, bumuti ang Pranses ko. Irerekumenda ko ito sa lahat.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, talagang namangha ako. Sinubukan ko lang ang app dahil nakita ko itong ina-advertise nang maraming beses at sobrang nagulat ako. Ang app na ito ang TULONG na gusto mo para sa paaralan at higit sa lahat, nag-aalok ito ng maraming bagay, tulad ng workouts at fact sheets, na SOBRANG nakatulong sa akin.
Anna
iOS user
Pinakamagandang app sa mundo! walang masabi dahil sobrang ganda nito
Thomas R
iOS user
Napakaganda talaga. Nakakapag-review ako ng 10x mas mabuti, itong app ay mabilis na 10/10. Lubos kong inirerekomenda ito sa lahat. Pwede akong manood at maghanap ng notes. Pwede kong i-save ang mga ito sa subject folder. Pwede kong i-review anumang oras kapag bumalik ako. Kung hindi mo pa nasubukan ang app na ito, marami kang nawawala.
Basil
Android user
Ang app na ito ay nagpapalakas ng loob ko sa paghahanda sa exams, hindi lang dahil sa pagpapataas ng aking kumpiyansa sa sarili sa pamamagitan ng mga feature na nagpapahintulot sa iyo na makipag-connect sa iba at mabawasan ang pakiramdam na nag-iisa, kundi pati na rin sa paraan na nakatuon ang app sa pagpapagaan ng iyong pakiramdam. Madali itong i-navigate, masaya gamitin, at nakakatulong sa sinumang nahihirapan sa kahit anong paraan.
David K
iOS user
Sobrang galing ng app! Ilalagay ko lang ang paksa sa search bar at makakakuha na ako ng sagot kaagad. Hindi ko kailangang manood ng 10 YouTube videos para maintindihan ang isang bagay, kaya nakakatipid ako ng oras. Lubos na inirerekomenda!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
Sa paaralan, napakahina ko sa math pero salamat sa app, mas mahusay na ako ngayon. Lubos akong nagpapasalamat na ginawa niyo ang app na ito.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
napakareliable na app para tumulong at palawakin ang iyong mga ideya sa Math, English at iba pang mga related na paksa sa iyong mga gawain. gamitin mo ang app na ito kung nahihirapan ka sa mga area, susi ito para diyan. sana nag-review na ako dati. at libre rin ito kaya huwag mag-alala tungkol diyan.
Rohan U
Android user
Alam kong maraming apps gumagamit ng fake accounts para mapataas ang kanilang reviews pero ang app na ito ay deserve lahat ng papuri. Dati nakakakuha ako ng 4 sa aking English exams at ngayon nakakuha ako ng grade 7. Hindi ko pa alam ang app na ito tatlong araw bago ang exam at nakatulong ito ng SOBRA. Pakisuyong maniwala sa akin at gamitin ito dahil sigurado akong makikita mo rin ang mga pagbabago.
Xander S
iOS user
ANG MGA quiz AT flashcard SOBRANG HELPFUL AT I LOVE TALAGA SI Knowunity AI. PARANG CHATGPT LANG PERO MAS MATALINO!! NAKATULONG DIN SA MGA MASCARA PROBLEMS KO!! PATI NA RIN SA MGA TUNAY KONG subject! SYEMPRE 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
Grabe talaga ang app na to. Sobrang nakakaboring sakin ang pagreview pero ginagawa ng app na to na sobrang dali mag-organize ng lahat at pwede mong tanungin ang libreng ai para subukin ang sarili mo kaya sobrang buti at madali mong ma-upload ang sarili mong mga bagay. highly recommend bilang isang taong nagte-take ng mocks ngayon
Paul T
iOS user
Napakadaling gamitin at maganda ang disenyo ng app. Nahanap ko lahat ng hinahanap ko hanggang ngayon at natuto ako ng marami mula sa mga presentasyon! Tiyak na gagamitin ko ang app para sa isang takdang-aralin sa klase! At siyempre, nakakatulong din ito bilang inspirasyon.
Stefan S
gumagamit ng iOS
Sobrang ganda talaga ng app na ito. Maraming mga study notes at tulong [...]. Ang problemang subject ko ay Pranses, halimbawa, at ang app ay may maraming options para tumulong. Salamat sa app na ito, bumuti ang Pranses ko. Irerekumenda ko ito sa lahat.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, talagang namangha ako. Sinubukan ko lang ang app dahil nakita ko itong ina-advertise nang maraming beses at sobrang nagulat ako. Ang app na ito ang TULONG na gusto mo para sa paaralan at higit sa lahat, nag-aalok ito ng maraming bagay, tulad ng workouts at fact sheets, na SOBRANG nakatulong sa akin.
Anna
iOS user
Pinakamagandang app sa mundo! walang masabi dahil sobrang ganda nito
Thomas R
iOS user
Napakaganda talaga. Nakakapag-review ako ng 10x mas mabuti, itong app ay mabilis na 10/10. Lubos kong inirerekomenda ito sa lahat. Pwede akong manood at maghanap ng notes. Pwede kong i-save ang mga ito sa subject folder. Pwede kong i-review anumang oras kapag bumalik ako. Kung hindi mo pa nasubukan ang app na ito, marami kang nawawala.
Basil
Android user
Ang app na ito ay nagpapalakas ng loob ko sa paghahanda sa exams, hindi lang dahil sa pagpapataas ng aking kumpiyansa sa sarili sa pamamagitan ng mga feature na nagpapahintulot sa iyo na makipag-connect sa iba at mabawasan ang pakiramdam na nag-iisa, kundi pati na rin sa paraan na nakatuon ang app sa pagpapagaan ng iyong pakiramdam. Madali itong i-navigate, masaya gamitin, at nakakatulong sa sinumang nahihirapan sa kahit anong paraan.
David K
iOS user
Sobrang galing ng app! Ilalagay ko lang ang paksa sa search bar at makakakuha na ako ng sagot kaagad. Hindi ko kailangang manood ng 10 YouTube videos para maintindihan ang isang bagay, kaya nakakatipid ako ng oras. Lubos na inirerekomenda!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
Sa paaralan, napakahina ko sa math pero salamat sa app, mas mahusay na ako ngayon. Lubos akong nagpapasalamat na ginawa niyo ang app na ito.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
napakareliable na app para tumulong at palawakin ang iyong mga ideya sa Math, English at iba pang mga related na paksa sa iyong mga gawain. gamitin mo ang app na ito kung nahihirapan ka sa mga area, susi ito para diyan. sana nag-review na ako dati. at libre rin ito kaya huwag mag-alala tungkol diyan.
Rohan U
Android user
Alam kong maraming apps gumagamit ng fake accounts para mapataas ang kanilang reviews pero ang app na ito ay deserve lahat ng papuri. Dati nakakakuha ako ng 4 sa aking English exams at ngayon nakakuha ako ng grade 7. Hindi ko pa alam ang app na ito tatlong araw bago ang exam at nakatulong ito ng SOBRA. Pakisuyong maniwala sa akin at gamitin ito dahil sigurado akong makikita mo rin ang mga pagbabago.
Xander S
iOS user
ANG MGA quiz AT flashcard SOBRANG HELPFUL AT I LOVE TALAGA SI Knowunity AI. PARANG CHATGPT LANG PERO MAS MATALINO!! NAKATULONG DIN SA MGA MASCARA PROBLEMS KO!! PATI NA RIN SA MGA TUNAY KONG subject! SYEMPRE 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
Grabe talaga ang app na to. Sobrang nakakaboring sakin ang pagreview pero ginagawa ng app na to na sobrang dali mag-organize ng lahat at pwede mong tanungin ang libreng ai para subukin ang sarili mo kaya sobrang buti at madali mong ma-upload ang sarili mong mga bagay. highly recommend bilang isang taong nagte-take ng mocks ngayon
Paul T
iOS user